Staff profile

I am an archaeological scientist with broad interests in the applications of chemistry and quantitative methods in archaeology. By using isotope analysis of bones and teeth, I examine diet, migration, and exposure to lead pollution in past populations around the world. I have also worked extensively on bone diagenesis, the microscopic and chemical changes to buried bone. I apply Bayesian statistical analysis of dating information to answer questions about chronologies in eras from the Lower Palaeolithic to the Seventeenth Century. I also apply mathematical and statistical models to interpret isotope analyses and to evaluate palaeodemographic information. A key aspect of all my work is to integrate the science with the archaeological context and questions.

I’ve supervised research students in all these areas and I welcome enquiries from potential PhD students in any of them, or in related topics.

My first degree was in chemistry at Oxford, but whilst studying for that I discovered the delights of archaeology, going digging at weekends. I managed to combine these interests when I found a place for my undergraduate project and doctoral work in the Research Laboratory for Archaeology at Oxford. My D.Phil. explored the uptake of uranium into bone in order to improve the basis of uranium-series dating of bone, and a post-doctoral project explored wider issues of the effect of groundwater hydrology on the decay and preservation of bones.

In 1995 I came to Durham a Lecturer, where my research has broadened to cover the chemistry of bones and teeth applied to archaeological problems, and Bayesian statistics applied to archaeology, particularly to the analysis of scientific dating techniques, and with wider applications in Quaternary science. My research is a mixture of work conducted alone and collaborative projects with a range of scholars within Durham (I have collaborated with colleagues in Archaeology, History, Earth Sciences, Geography and Mathematics) and external to Durham (including Leiden, Groningen, Cambridge, Sheffield, Otago, Peking Universities and the British Geological Survey).

I have been Associate Director (2015-16), and then Director (2016-17) of the Insitute for Medieval and Early Modern Studies. I currently chair the Durham World Heritage Site Research Committee.

As a member and President (2012-18) of the Architectural and Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland, I promote links between academic archaeology and those interested in the subject across the north-east of England.

Bayesian statistics in archaeology and Quaternary science

Bayesian statistics, as applied to dating in archaeology, allows the combination of different types of dating methods, substantial improvements in the resolution of dates, and the assigning of dates to events previously considered undateable. My contribution in this area has been to extend the method from its initial application to radiocarbon dates, to application to a wide variety of other dating methods, including uranium-series, luminescence and ESR dating. This has been applied to a major re-evaluation of the dating evidence for hominid fossils in the timeframe 500,000 to 50,000 years ago.

The Bayesian statistical paradigm has a wide range of potential applications in archaeology, which has led me to work on estimating age-at-death of humans and sheep, on predicting the location of archaeological sites in the landscape, and reconstructing the components of diet. I have also been involved in work on mathematical models for changes in nitrogen isotopes with weaning, and the analysis of uncertainty in chronologies constructed from ancient near eastern King Lists. I have co-supervised PhD students working on modelling the Mousterian-Aurignacian transition in Europe using radiocarbon dates, and on estimating the uncertainty in luminescence dates.

A major new Leverhulme Trust funded project based on work in this area started in 2020 with Martin Smith in Earth Sciences. A fizzle or a bang how fast was the Cambrian 'explosion'? transfers these methods to the Cambrian Period (540-485 million years ago).

Chemistry of archaeological bones and teeth

My bone and tooth chemistry research mixes technique development, theoretical studies, and archaeological application in collaboration with period specialists. Past work has examined age of weaning using nitrogen isotope ratios, developing a mathematical model and examining its application to a 19th century population from London. Past projects have examined migration into and around Britain using strontium and oxygen isotope ratios measured in Anglo-Saxon and Viking remains, migration of Crusaders, and diet and migration in the Dutch middle Neolithic. Recent and current work is examining the transition to agriculture in the northern Atacama Desert in Chile, the transition to pastoralism in semi-arid areas of the Near East and movement in the Bronze Age of northern Italy. PhD topics in this area that I have supervised have ranged widely including studies of diet and/or migration in 18th-19th century in England, Christians and Muslims in medieval Spain, the animals hunted by Upper Palaeolithic humans, humans from post-Medieval Riga in Latvia, tuberculosis sufferers in Roman Britain, Bronze Age inhabitants of Tepe Hissar in Iran.

• Bayesian statistical methods in archaeology, including dating, isotope analysis and predictive modelling
• Developing new approaches to Bayesian chronology building for application to any dating methods
• Statistics in human osteology, including age estimation
• Chemical and biochemical methods in archaeology
• Elemental and isotopic analysis of bones and teeth to investigate diet and migration, including weaning
• Bone diagenesis
• Chronology of hominid evolution

• 2015: Invited speaker British Academy Conference: 'Aliens, Foreigners & Strangers in Medieval England c.AD 500-1500', British Academy, 26 & 27 March 2015
• 2014: Editorial Board, Journal of Archaeological Science Reports:
• 2012: and 2015: Member of International Scientific Committee for the International Radiocarbon Conference:
• 2000: Reviewer for academic journals and funding agencies: Since 2012:

  Journals: Antiquity, Radiation Measurements, Geochronometria, Journal of Archaeological Science, Journal of Human Evolution, Environmental Archaeology, Computer Applications in Archaeology conference proceedings, Quaternary Science Reviews, Proceedings of the Royal Society A, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, Journal of Quaternary Science, Radiocarbon, Dendrochronologia, Archaeometry, Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, Quaternary International, European Journal of Archaeology, Collegium Antropologicum, Annals of Applied Statistics, Journal of the North Atlantic, ArchéoSciences

  Funding agencies: National Science Foundation (USA), Marsden Fund (New Zealand), Leverhulme Trust, NERC

Authored book

• Gerrard, C., Graves, C., Millard, A., Annis, R., & Caffell, A. (2018). Lost Lives, New Voices. Unlocking the stories of the Scottish soldiers from the Battle of Dunbar 1650. Oxbow Books

Chapter in book

• Snoddy, A. M. E., King, C. L., Halcrow, S. E., Millard, A. R., Buckley, H. R., Standen, V. G., & Arriaza, B. T. (2021). Living on the Edge: Climate-induced micronutrient famines in the ancient Atacama Desert?. In G. Robbins Schug (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of bioarchaeology of environmental change. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351030465-5
• Jobling, M., & Millard, A. (2020). Isotopic and genetic evidence for migration in Medieval England. In W. Ormrod, E. Tyler, & J. Story (Eds.), Migrants in medieval England, c. 500–c. 1500. Oxford University Press
• Kendall, E. J., Millard, A., Beaumont, J., Gowland, R., Gorton, M., & Gledhill, A. (2020). What Doesn’t Kill You: Early Life Health and Nutrition in Early Anglo-Saxon East Anglia. In R. Gowland, & S. Halcrow (Eds.), The Mother-Infant Nexus in Anthropology: Small Beginnings, Significant Outcomes (103-123). Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27393-4_6
• Albert, B., Innes, J., Kremenetski, K., Millard, A., Nebbia, M., Gaydarska, B., Chapman, J., Miller, D., Hale, D., Buchanan, B., Johnston, S., Videiko, M., Arroyo-Kalin, M., Kaikkonen, T., Ivanova, S., Terziiska-Ignatova, S., Voke, P., Burdo, N., & Shevchenko, N. (2020). 4 Site Studies. In B. Gaydarska (Ed.), Early Urbanism in Europe (111-264). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110664959-008
• Gaydarska, B., Nebbia, M., Chapman, J., Caswell, E., Arbeiter, S., Ovchinnikov, E., Gaskevych, D., Lazăr, C., Ignat, T., Boyce, A., Dolan, A., Newton, J., Kiosak, D., Belenko, M., Craig, O. E., Robson, H. K., von Tersch, M., Lucquin, A., Tóth, Z., Choyke, A., …Galyna, P. (2020). 5 The Finds. In B. Gaydarska (Ed.), Early Urbanism in Europe (265-414). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110664959-009
• Halcrow, S. E., King, C. L., Millard, A. R., Snoddy, A. M. E., Scott, R. M., Elliott, G. E., Gröcke, D. R., Buckley, H. R., Standen, V. G., & Arriaza, B. T. (2017). Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings: Breastfeeding and weaning in the past. In C. Tomori, A. L. Palmquist, & E. Quinn (Eds.), Breastfeeding : new anthropological approaches (155-169). Routledge
• Hale, D., Chapman, J., Videiko, M., Gaydarska, B., Burdo, N., Villis, R., Swann, N., Voke, P., Thomas, N., Blair, A., Bryant, A., Nebbia, M., Millard, A., & Rud, V. (2017). Nebelivka, Ukraine: geophysical survey of a complete Trypillia mega-site. In B. Jennings, C. Gaffney, T. Sparrow, & S. Gaffney (Eds.), AP2017: 12th International Conference of Archaeological Prospection (12th-16th September 2017, University of Bradford) (100-102). Archaeopress
• Millard, A. (2015). Isotopic investigation of residential mobility and diet. In J. McKinley, M. Leivers, J. Schuster, P. Marshall, A. Barclay, & N. Stoodley (Eds.), Cliffs End Farm, Isle of Thanet, Kent: A mortuary and ritual site of the Bronze Age, Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon period with evidence for long-distance maritime mobility (135-146). Wessex Archaeology
• Millard, A., Montgomery, J., Trickett, M., Beaumont, J., Evans, J., & Chenery, S. (2014). Childhood lead exposure in the British Isles during the industrial revolution. In M. Zuckerman (Ed.), Modern environments and human health : revisiting the second epidemiological transition (279-300). Wiley
• Powell, L., Redfern, R., Millard, A., & Gröcke, D. (2014). Infant feeding practices in Roman London: evidence from isotopic analyses. In M. Carroll, & E.-J. Graham (Eds.), Infant health and death in Roman Italy and beyond (89-110). Journal of Roman Archaeology
• Zant, J., Gregory, R., Howard-Davis, C., Millard, A., & Druce, D. (2013). Discussion. In J. Zant, & C. Howard-Davis (Eds.), Scots Dyke to turnpike: the archaeology of the A66, Greta Bridge to Scotch Corner (111-149). Oxford Archaeology North
• McKinley, J., Schuster, J., & Millard, A. (2013). Dead-sea connections: a Bronze Age and Iron Age ritual site on the Isle of Thanet. In J. Koch, & B. Cunliffe (Eds.), Rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe (151-177). Oxbow Books
• Millard, A. (2013). The radiocarbon dates. In D. Parsons, & D. Sutherland (Eds.), The Anglo-Saxon Church of All Saints, Brixworth, Northamptonshire: survey, excavation and analysis, 1972-2010. Oxbow Books
• Millard, A. (2013). Appendix 7: Integrated dating analysis. In J. Zant, & C. Howard-Davis (Eds.), Scots Dyke to turnpike: the archaeology of the A66, Greta Bridge to Scotch Corner (203-207). Oxford Archaeology North
• Verhgaen, P., van Leusen, M., Ducke, B., Millard, A., & Kamermans, H. (2012). The Bumpy Road to Incorporating Uncertainty in Predictive Modelling. In E. Jerem, F. Redö, & V. Szeverényi (Eds.), On the Road to Reconstructing the Past. Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Proceedings of the 36th International Conference, Budapest, April 2-6, 2008 (301-308). Archaeolingua
• van Leusen, M., Millard, A., & Ducke, B. (2009). Dealing with uncertainty in archaeological prediction. In H. Kamermans, M. van Leusen, & P. Verhagen (Eds.), Archaeological predictions and risk management : alternatives to current practice (123-160). Leiden University Press
• Millard, A. (2006). A Bayesian approach to ageing sheep/goats from toothwear. In D. Ruscillo-Cosmopoulos (Ed.), Recent advances in ageing and sexing animal bones (145-154). Oxbow Books
• Millard, A. (2005). What can Bayesian statistics do for archaeological predictive modelling?. In P. van Leusen, & H. Kamermans (Eds.), Predictive modelling for archaeological heritage management : a research agenda (169-182). Rijkdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek
• Collins, M., Nielsen-Marsh, C., Hiller, J., Smith, C., Roberts, J., Prigodich, R., Wess, T., Csapo, J., Millard, A., & Turner-Walker, G. (2004). Bone Diagenesis: Implications for Heritage Management. In R. Lauwerie, & I. Plug (Eds.), The future from the past: archaeozoology in wildlife conservation and heritage management (124-132). Oxbow Books
• Millard, A. (2003). Taking Bayes Beyond Radiocarbon: Bayesian Approaches to Some Other Chronometric Methods. In C. Buck, & A. Millard (Eds.), Tools for Constructing Chronologies: Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries (231-248). Springer Verlag
• Buck, C., & Millard, A. (2003). Preface: Towards joined up thinking in chronology building. In C. Buck, & A. Millard (Eds.), Tools for Constructing Chronologies: Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries (V-XIV). Springer Verlag
• Millard, A. (2002). Appendix 3: Summary of the geochemical analysis of samples from Carlton Alum Works. In I. Miller (Ed.), Steeped in history: the alum industry of North-East Yorkshire (131-133). North York Moors National Park Authority
• Millard, A. (2001). Deterioration of bone. In D. Brothwell, & M. Pollard (Eds.), Handbook of Archaeological Sciences (633-643). Wiley
• Hedges, R., Millard, A., & Pike, A. (2001). Nedbrytning av ben. Undersökningar och sambad från tre olika arkeologiska fyndplatser. In P. Persson, & K. Sjögren (Eds.), Falbygdens ganggrifter: Undersökningar 1985-1998 (260-270). Göteborgs Universitet
• Philip, G., & Millard, A. (2000). Khirbet Kerak Ware in the Levant: the implications of radiocarbon chronology and spatial distribution. In C. Marro, & H. Hauptman (Eds.), Chronologies des pays du Caucase et de l'Èuphrate aux IV`eme-IIIème millénaires (279-296). Boccard
• Millard, A. (2000). A model for the effect of weaning on nitrogen isotope ratios in humans. In G. Goodfriend, M. Collins, M. Fogel, S. Macko, & J. Wehmiller (Eds.), Perspectives in Amino Acid and Protein Geochemistry (51-59). Oxford University Press
• Roberts, S., Collins, M., Millard, A., & Payne, S. (1999). Now we're cooking: heat induced changes in bone and their diagenetic consequences. In R. Larsen (Ed.), Methods in the analysis of the deterioration of collagen based historical materials in relation to conservation and storage. Preprints. Advanced Study Course 1999 6-10 July School of Conservation, Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
• Millard, A. (1998). Bone in the burial environment. In M. Corfield, P. Hinton, & M. Pollard (Eds.), Preserving archaeological remains in situ. London (93-102). Museum of London Archaeological Services

Conference Paper

• Caple, C., & Hovmand, I. (2001, December). The Problems of Monitoring Archaeological Waterlogged Anoxic Deposits in Situ

Edited book

• Buck, C., & Millard, A. (Eds.). (2003). Tools for Constructing Chronologies: Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries. Springer Verlag
• Millard, A. (Ed.). (2001). Proceedings of Archaeological Sciences '97. British Archaeological Reports

Journal Article

• Maurer, A.-F., Zeitoun, V., Bardi, J., Millard, A. R., Ségalen, L., Guérin, F., Saliège, J.-F., & Person, A. (online). Multifactorial approach to describe early diagenesis of bones: The case study of the Merovingian Cemetery of Saint-Linaire (France). Quaternary International, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2023.03.003
• Sinnesael, M., Millard, A. R., & Smith, M. R. (2024). A Bayesian astrochronology for the Cambrian first occurrence of trilobites in West Gondwana (Morocco). Geology, 52(3), 205-209. https://doi.org/10.1130/G51718.1
• Pētersone-Gordina, E., Gerhards, G., Vilcāne, A., Millard, A., & Moore, J. (2023). The first dietary stable isotope data from the Čunkāni-Dreņģeri Iron Age population (seventh–eleventh centuries CE) from Latvia. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 15(12), Article 185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01880-8
• Gaydarska, B., Millard, A., Buchanan, B., & Chapman, J. (2023). Place and Time at Trypillia Mega-Sites: Towards a New Synthesis of Analyses and Social Theory. Journal of urban archaeology, 7, 115-145. https://doi.org/10.1484/j.jua.5.133453
• Gowland, R. L., Caffell, A. C., Quade, L., Levene, A., Millard, A. R., Holst, M., Yapp, P., Delaney, S., Brown, C., Nowell, G., Macpherson, C., Shaw, H. A., Stewart, N. A., Robinson, S., Montgomery, J., & Alexander, M. M. (2023). The expendables: Bioarchaeological evidence for pauper apprentices in 19th century England and the health consequences of child labour. PLoS ONE, 18(5), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284970
• Petersone‐Gordina, E., Montgomery, J., Millard, A. R., Nowell, G., Peterkin, J., Roberts, C. A., Gerhards, G., & Zelčs, V. (2022). Strontium isotope identification of possible rural immigrants in 17th century mass graves at St. Gertrude Church cemetery in Riga, Latvia. Archaeometry, 64(4), 1028-1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12759
• Pētersone-Gordina, E., Gerhards, G., Vilcāne, A., Millard, A. R., Moore, J., Ķimsis, J., & Ranka, R. (2022). Diet and social status in the Lejasbitēni Iron Age population from Latvia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 44, Article 103519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103519
• King, C. L., Kinaston, R. L., Snoddy, A. M. E., Buckley, H. R., Petchey, P., Millard, A. R., & Gröcke, D. R. (2022). Childhood in Colonial Otago, New Zealand: Integrating Isotopic and Dental Evidence for Growth Disturbance and Oral Health. Childhood in the Past, 15(1), 15-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/17585716.2021.1989211
• Kendall, E. J., Millard, A. R., & Beaumont, J. (2021). The “weanling’s dilemma” revisited: Evolving bodies of evidence and the problem of infant paleodietary interpretation. American journal of physical anthropology, 175(S72), 57-78. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24207
• King, C. L., Petchey, P., Kinaston, R., Gröcke, D. R., Millard, A. R., Wanhalla, A., Brooking, T., Matisoo-Smith, E., & Buckley, H. R. (2021). A Land of Plenty? Colonial Diet in Rural New Zealand. Historical Archaeology, 55(2), 250-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-020-00276-y
• Santana, J., Millard, A., Ibáñez-Estevez, J. J., Bocquentin, F., Nowell, G., Peterkin, J., Macpherson, C., Muñiz, J., Anton, M., Alrousan, M., & Kafafi, Z. (2021). Multi-isotope evidence of population aggregation in the Natufian and scant migration during the early Neolithic of the Southern Levant. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Article 11857. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90795-2
• Millard, A. R., Annis, R. G., Caffell, A. C., Dodd, L. L., Fischer, R., Gerrard, C. M., Graves, C. P., Hendy, J., Mackenzie, L., Montgomery, J., Nowell, G. M., Radini, A., Beaumont, J., Koon, H. E., & Speller, C. F. (2020). Scottish soldiers from the Battle of Dunbar 1650: A prosopographical approach to a skeletal assemblage. PLoS ONE, 15(12), Article e0243369. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243369
• King, C. L., Buckley, H. R., Petchey, P., Kinaston, R., Millard, A., Zech, J., Roberts, P., Matisoo-Smith, E., Nowell, G., & Gröcke, D. R. (2020). A multi-isotope, multi-tissue study of colonial origins and diet in New Zealand. American journal of physical anthropology, 172(4), 605-620. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24077
• Petersone‐Gordina, E., Montgomery, J., Millard, A., Roberts, C., Gröcke, D., & Gerhards, G. (2020). Investigating dietary life histories and mobility of children buried in St Gertrude Church Cemetery, Riga, Latvia (15th– 17th centuries AD). Archaeometry, 62(S1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12520
• Reissland, N., Millard, A., Wood, R., Ustun, B., McFaul, C., Froggatt, S., & Einbeck, J. (2020). Prenatal effects of maternal nutritional stress and mental health on the fetal movement profile. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 302(1), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05571-w
• Laffoon, J., Shuler, K., Millard, A., Connelly, J., & Schroeder, H. (2020). Isotopic evidence for anthropogenic lead exposure on a 17th/18th century Barbadian plantation. American journal of physical anthropology, 171(3), 529-538. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23938
• Albert, B., Innes, J., Krementskiy, K., Millard, A., Gaydarska, B., Nebbia, M., & Chapman, J. (2020). What was the ecological impact of a Trypillia mega-site occupation? Multi-proxy palaeo-environmental investigations at Nebelivka, Ukraine. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 29(1), 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-019-00730-9
• Afshar, Z., Roberts, C., Millard, A., & Gröcke, D. (2019). The Evolution of Diet During the 5th to 2nd millennium BCE for the ‎population buried at Tepe Hissar, North-eastern Central Iranian Plateau: ‎The Stable Isotope Evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 27, Article 101983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101983
• Alexander, M. M., Gutiérrez, A., Millard, A. R., Richards, M. P., & Gerrard, C. (2019). Economic and socio-cultural consequences of changing political rule on human and faunal diets in medieval Valencia (c. fifth–fifteenth century AD) as evidenced by stable isotopes. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11(8), 3875-3893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00810-x
• Cavazzuti, C., Cardarelli, A., Quondam, F., Salzani, L., Ferrante, M., Nisi, S., Millard, A. R., & Skeates, R. (2019). Mobile elites at Frattesina: flows of people in a Late Bronze Age ‘port of trade’ in northern Italy. Antiquity, 93(369), 624-644. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.59
• László, O., Millard, A. R., Gröcke, D., Rácz, M., & Nowell, G. (2019). "Investigation of a Historical Crime Scene" - A Comprehensive Study of an Unusual Burial in the Calvinist Church of Sóly, Hungary. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 25, 320-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.04.015
• Brozou, A., Lynnerup, N., Mannino, M. A., Millard, A. R., & Gröcke, D. R. (2019). Investigating dietary patterns and organisational structure by using stable isotope analysis: a pilot study of the Danish medieval leprosy hospital at Næstved. Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 76(3), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2019/0949
• Cavazzuti, C., Skeates, R., Millard, A., Nowell, G., Peterkin, J., Bernabò Brea, M., Cardarelli, A., & Salzani, L. (2019). Flows of people in villages and large centres in Bronze Age Italy through strontium and oxygen isotopes. PLoS ONE, 14(1), Article e0209693. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209693
• Redfern, R., DeWitte, S., Beaumont, J., Millard, A., & Hamlin, C. (2019). A new method for investigating the relationship between diet and mortality: hazard analysis using dietary isotopes. Annals of Human Biology, 46(5), 378-387 . https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2019.1662484
• King, C., Arriaza, B., Standen, V., Millard, A., Gröcke, D., Muñoz, I., & Halcrow, S. (2018). Estudio isotópico del consumo de recursos maritimos y terrestres en la prehistoria del desierto de Atacama (Isotopic study of marine and terrestrial resources in the prehistory of the Atacama Desert). Chungara (Arica. En línea), 50(3), 369-396. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-73562018005000802
• King, C., Snoddy, A., Millard, A., Grocke, D., Standen, V., Arriaza, B., & Halcrow, S. (2018). A multifaceted approach towards interpreting early life experience and infant feeding practices in the ancient Atacama Desert, Northern Chile. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 28(5), 599-612. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2671
• Nebbia, M., Gaydarska, B., Millard, A., & Chapman, J. (2018). The Making of Chalcolithic Assembly Places: Trypillia Megasites as Materialised Consensus Among Equal Strangers?. World Archaeology, 50(1), 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2018.1474133
• Redfern, R., Gowland, R., Millard, A., Powell, L., & Gröcke, D. (2018). ‘From the mouths of babes’: a subadult dietary stable isotope perspective on Roman London (Londinium). Journal of Archaeological Science, 19, 1030-1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.08.015
• Hughes, S. S., Millard, A. R., Chenery, C. A., Nowell, G., & Pearson, D. G. (2018). Isotopic analysis of burials from the early Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Eastbourne, Sussex, U.K. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 19, 513-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.03.004
• King, C. L., Halcrow, S. E., Millard, A. R., Gröcke, D. R., Standen, V. G., Portilla, M., & Arriaza, B. T. (2018). Let's talk about stress, baby! Infant-feeding practices and stress in the ancient Atacama desert, Northern Chile. American journal of physical anthropology, 166(1), 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23411
• Fernandes, R., Eley, Y., Brabec, M., Lucquin, A., Millard, A., & Craig, O. (2018). Reconstruction of prehistoric pottery use from fatty acid carbon isotope signatures using Bayesian inference. Organic Geochemistry, 117, 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.11.014
• King, C. L., Millard, A. R., Gröcke, D. R., Standen, V. G., Arriaza, B. T., & Halcrow, S. E. (2018). Marine resource reliance in the human populations of the Atacama Desert, northern Chile – a view from prehistory. Quaternary Science Reviews, 182, 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.12.009
• Afshar, Z., Roberts, C., & Millard, A. (2018). Interpersonal violence among the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages inhabitants living on the Central Plateau of Iran: A voice from Tepe Hissar. Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 75(1), 49-66. https://doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2018/0723
• Petersone-Gordina, P., Roberts, C., Millard, A., Montgomery, J., & Gerhards, G. (2018). Dental disease and dietary isotopes of individuals from St Gertrude Church cemetery, Riga, Latvia. PLoS ONE, 13(1), Article e0191757. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191757
• Millard, A. (2018). Lost Lives and New Worlds: The Stories of Scottish Soldiers from the Battle of Dunbar (1650). MASSOG, 43(1), 33-36
• King, C. L., Millard, A. R., Gröcke, D. R., Standen, V. G., Arriaza, B. T., & Halcrow, S. E. (2017). A comparison of using bulk and incremental isotopic analyses to establish weaning practices in the past. Science and Technology of Archaeological Research, 3(1), 126-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2018.1443548
• Redfern, R., Gröcke, D., Millard, A., Ridgeway, V., Johnson, L., & Hefner, J. (2016). Going south of the river: a multidisciplinary analysis of ancestry, mobility and diet in a population from Roman Southwark, London. Journal of Archaeological Science, 74, 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.07.016
• Kendall, R., Hendy, J., Collins, M., Millard, A., & Gowland, R. (2016). Poor preservation of antibodies in archaeological human bone and dentine. Science and Technology of Archaeological Research, 2(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2015.1133117
• Alexander, M., Gerrard, C., Gutiérrez, A., & Millard, A. (2015). Diet, society, and economy in late medieval Spain: Stable isotope evidence from Muslims and Christians from Gandía, Valencia. American journal of physical anthropology, 156(2), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22647
• Fernandes, R., Millard, A., Brabec, M., Nadeau, M.-J., & Grootes, P. (2014). Food Reconstruction Using Isotopic Transferred Signals (FRUITS): A Bayesian Model for Diet Reconstruction. PLoS ONE, 9(2), Article e87436. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087436
• Hughes, S., Millard, A., Lucy, S., Chenery, C., Evans, J., Nowell, G., & Pearson, D. (2014). Anglo-Saxon origins investigated by isotopic analysis of burials from Berinsfield, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Archaeological Science, 42, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.025
• Millard, A. (2014). Conventions for reporting radiocarbon determinations. Radiocarbon, 56(02), 555-559. https://doi.org/10.2458/56.17455
• Millard, A., Jimenez-Cano, N., Lebrasseur, O., & Sakai, Y. (2013). Isotopic Investigation of Animal Husbandry in the Welsh and English Periods at Dryslwyn Castle, Carmarthenshire, Wales. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 23(6), 640-650. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1292
• Roberts, C., Millard, A., Nowell, G., Gröcke, D., Macpherson, C., Pearson, G., & Evans, D. (2013). Isotopic tracing of the impact of mobility on infectious disease: The origin of people with treponematosis buried in hull, England, in the late medieval period. American journal of physical anthropology, 150(2), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22203
• Henderson, C., Craps, D., Caffell, A., Millard, A., & Gowland, R. (2013). Occupational mobility in 19th Century rural England: the interpretation of entheseal changes. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 23(2), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2286
• Mitchell, P., & Millard, A. (2013). Approaches to the study of migration during the crusades. Crusades, 12, https://doi.org/10.1080/28327861.2013.12220269
• Redfern, R., Millard, A., & Hamlin, C. (2012). A regional investigation of subadult dietary patterns and health in late Iron Age and Roman Dorset, England`. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(5), 1249-1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.12.023
• Millard, A. (2011). Stephen Weiner. Microarchaeology: beyond the visible archaeological record. xviii+396 pages, 95 illustrations, 4 colour plates, 13 tables. 2010. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 978-0-521-8803-9 hardback £55 & $95; 978-0-521-70584-4 paperback £24.99 & $36.99. Antiquity, 85(328), 687-688. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00068228
• Smits, E., Millard, A., Nowell, G., & Pearson, D. (2010). Isotopic investigation of diet and residential mobility in the Neolithic of the Lower Rhine Basin. European Journal of Archaeology, 13(1), 5-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461957109355040
• Hale, D., Platell, A., & Millard, A. (2009). A late Neolithic palisaded enclosure at Marne Barracks, Catterick, North Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 75, 265-304
• Mitchell, P., & Millard, A. (2009). Migration to the medieval Middle East with the crusades. American journal of physical anthropology, 140(3), 518-525. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21100
• Millard, A., & Schroeder, H. (2009). 'True British sailors': A comment on the origin of the men of the Mary Rose. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(4), 680-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.031
• Millard, A. (2008). Comment on article by Blackwell and Buck. Bayesian Analysis, 3(2), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1214/08-ba309b
• Millard, A. (2008). A critique of the chronometric evidence for hominid fossils: I. Africa and the Near East 500-50ka. Journal of Human Evolution, 54(6), 848-874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.11.002
• Casford, J., Abu-Zied, R., Rohling, E., Cooke, S., Fontanier, C., Leng, M., Millard, A., & Thomson, J. (2007). A stratigraphically controlled multi-proxy chronostratigraphy for the Eastern Mediterranean. Paleoceanography, 22(4), Article PA4215. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007pa001422
• Church, M., Dugmore, A., Mairs, K., Millard, A., Cook, G., Sveinbjarnardóttir, G., Ascough, P., & Roucoux, K. (2007). Charcoal Production During the Norse and Early Medieval Periods in Eyjafjallahreppur, Southern Iceland. Radiocarbon, 49(2), 659-672
• Millard, A. (2007). Book review of 'Demography in archaeology' by Andrew Chamberlain, Cambridge University Press : Cambridge, 2006. American Journal of Archaeology, 111(4),
• Millard, A. (2007). Review of the BABAO Conference 2006. Annual review - British Association of Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology, 8, 36-38
• Mitchell, P., & Millard, A. (2007). Migration in the Crusades to the Medieval Middle East. Review (British Academy. Online), 10, 24-25
• Millard, A. (2006). Bayesian analysis of Pleistocene Chronometric Methods. Archaeometry, 48(2), 359-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2006.00261.x
• Millard, A. (2006). Bayesian analysis of ESR dates, with application to Border Cave. Quaternary Geochronology, 1(2), 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2006.03.002
• Millard, A. (2006). Review of the Seventh Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology. Annual review - British Association of Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology, 7, 41-42
• Millard, A. (2006). Comment on Martinez-Garcia et al. 'Heavy metals in human bones in different historical epochs'. Science of the Total Environment, 354(2-3), 295-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.11.010
• Millard, A., Roberts, C., & Hughes, S. (2005). Isotopic evidence for migration in Medieval England: the potential for tracking the introduction of disease. Social biology and human affairs, 70(1), 9-13
• Budd, P., Millard, A., Chenery, C., Lucy, S., & Roberts, C. (2004). Investigating population movement by stable isotope analysis: a report from Britain. Antiquity, 78(299), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0009298x
• Millard, A. (2003). Recensioner: It's about time: the concept of time in archaeology edited by Håkon Karlsson. Fornvännen, 98(2), 160-162
• Millard, A., & Gowland, R. (2002). A Bayesian approach to the estimation of the age of humans from tooth development and wear. Archeologia e calcolatori (Testo stampato), 13, 197-210
• Roberts, S., Smith, C., Millard, A., & Collins, M. (2002). The Taphonomy of Cooked Bone : Characterizing Boiling and its Physico-Chemical Effects. Archaeometry, 44(3), 485-494. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00080
• Collins, M., Nielsen-Marsh, C., Hiller, J., Smith, C., Roberts, J., Prigodich, R., Weiss, T., Csapo, J., Millard, A., & Turner-Walker, G. (2002). The survival of organic matter in bone: A review. Archaeometry, 44(3), 383-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00071
• Millard, A. (2002). Bayesian approach to sapwood estimates and felling dates in dendrochronology. Archaeometry, 44(1), 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4754.00048
• Philip, G., Jabour, F., Beck, A., Bshesh, M., Grove, J., Kirk, A., & Millard, A. (2002). Settlement and landscape development in the Homs Region, Syria: research questions, preliminary results 1999-2000 and future potential. Levant, 34, 1-23
• Chapman, J., Monah, D., Dumitraoia, G., Armstrong, H., Millard, A., & Francis, M. (2001). The exploitation of salt in the prehistory of Moldavia, Romania. Archaeological reports (Durham), 23, 10-20
• Millard, A. (2000). Book review: 'Seriation, stratigraphy and index fossils: the backbone of archaeological dating' by Michael J O'Brien and R Lee Lyman. SAS bulletin, 23(3/4), 20-22
• Willis, S., Lowther, P., Fitts, R., & Haselgrove, C. (1999). Melsonby revisited: survey and excavation 1992-95 at the site of discovery of the "Stanwick", North Yorkshire, hoard of 1843. Durham archaeological journal, 14-15, 1-52
• Millard, A., & Pike, A. (1999). Uranium-series dating of the Tabun Neanderthal: a cautionary note. Journal of Human Evolution, 36, 581-585. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1999.0302
• Millard, A., & Wilkinson, T. (1999). Comment on 'AMS radiocarbon dates from the Predynastic Egyptian Cemetery, N7000, at Naga-ed-Dêr' by S.H. Savage. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26, 339-341. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1999.0414
• Caple, C., Baillie, M., Brown, D., Cambridge, E., Cramp, R., Clogg, P., Curry, I., Darrah, J., Housley, R., Larsen, J., & Millard, A. (1999). The Durham Cathedral doors. Durham archaeological journal, 14-15, 131-140
• Millard, A. (1997). Book review: The Experimental Earthwork Project 1960–1992. CBA Research Report, 100. Edited by M. Bell, P.J. Fowler, and S. W. Hillson. Archaeological Journal, 154(1), https://doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1997.11078793
• Millard, A., & Hedges, R. (1996). A diffusion-adsorption model of uranium uptake by archaeological bone. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 2139-2152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037%2896%2900050-6
• Hedges, R., & Millard, A. (1995). Bones and groundwater: towards the modelling of diagenetic processes. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22, 155-164. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1995.0017
• Millard, A., & Hedges, R. (1995). The role of the environment in uranium uptake by buried bone. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22, 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1995.0025
• Hedges, R., Millard, A., & Pike, A. (1995). Measurements and relationships of diagenetically altered bone from three archaeological sites. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22, 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1995.0022
• Millard, A. (1995). The body temperature of Tyrannosaurus Rex. Science, 267, 1666-1667
• Blair, J., & Millard, A. (1992). An Anglo-Saxon landmark rediscovered: the stanford/stanbricge of the Ducklington and Witney charters. Oxoniensia, 57, 342-348

Other (Digital/Visual Media)

• Chapman, J., Gaydarska, B., Nebbia, M., Millard, A., Albert, B., Hale, D., Woolston-Houshold, M., Johnston, S., Caswell, E., Arroyo-Kalin, M., Kaikkonen, T., Roe, J., Boyce, A., Craig, O., Orton, D. C., Hosking, K., Rainsford-Betts, G., Nottingham, J., Miller, D., Arbeiter, S., …Ukrainii, G. (2019). Trypillia mega-sites of the Ukraine
• Millard, A. (2018). Lost lives, new voices: the fate of Scottish prisoners from the Battle of Dunbar, 1650 (History Scotland)
• Millard, A. (2018). Lost lives, new voices: the fate of Scottish prisoners from the Battle of Dunbar, 1650 (Secret Lives)

Report

• Graves, C., Annis, R., Caffell, A., Gerrard, C., & Millard, A. (2016). The Dunbar Diaspora: Background to the Battle of Dunbar, and the Aftermath of the Battle. [No known commissioning body]
• Millard, A., Dodd, L., & Nowell, G. (2015). Palace Green Library excavations 2013 (PGL13): Isotopic studies. [No known commissioning body]
• Millard, A. (2015). Palace Green Library excavations 2013 (PGL13): History and topography of the site. [No known commissioning body]
• Millard, A. (2015). Palace Green Library excavations 2013 (PGL13): Chronology of the burials. [No known commissioning body]